Discussion 12

Interpreters and SQL 💀

Antonio Kam
anto [at] berkeley [dot] edu

All slides can be found on
teaching.rouxl.es

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Announcements

  • Scheme Project
    • Checkpoint 1 on Friday
    • Checkpoint 2 on Tuesday
    • Due next Friday (EC for day before, as usual)
  • No HW Released for this week, but SQL HW will be released on Monday
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Notes from last section

  • Rank 61a, 61b, 61c, and 70 in terms of stress :’D
    • 70 > 61A/61B/61C
  • When should we start studying for finals
    • I think starting now is not a bad idea
  • Seoul dog or top dog
    • Never been to seoul dog, so top dog
  • favorite pokemon?
    • mega altaria ☁️ 🥺
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Temperature Check 🌡️

  • Interpreters
  • SQL
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Interpreters

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

What is an interpreter

  • An interpreter is a program used to understand other programs
  • We will start off with the Calculator language to look at Scheme Syntax (and how to interpret it)
  • You will be writing an interpreter for the final project (this is a super cool project)
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

How does it work

  • Essentially is the code version of what we've studied during week 1!
  • Evaluate operators/operands, apply operands to operators; this whole process is done through our own interpreter
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Pair Class

  • We will be using the Pair class (very similar to Link, but with a few added bonuses/slight differences)
    • Has a first and rest attribute
    • Also has a map method where it applies a function to every argument
    • Must provide nil, does not default to Link.empty like with our Link class
  • If p is a Pair containing a proper call expression, we get the operator by doing p.first, and get the operands with p.rest. To get the first operand, we need to do p.rest.first
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Pair class

class Pair:
    """Represents the built-in pair data structure in Scheme."""
    def __init__(self, first, rest):
        self.first = first
        if not scheme_valid_cdrp(rest):
            raise SchemeError("cdr can only be a pair, nil, or a promise but was {}".format(rest))
        self.rest = rest

    def map(self, fn):
        """Maps fn to every element in a list, returning a new
        Pair.

        >>> Pair(1, Pair(2, Pair(3, nil))).map(lambda x: x * x)
        Pair(1, Pair(4, Pair(9, nil)))
        """
        assert isinstance(self.rest, Pair) or self.rest is nil, \
            "rest element in pair must be another pair or nil"
        return Pair(fn(self.first), self.rest.map(fn))
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

calc_eval and calc_apply

def calc_eval(exp):
    if isinstance(exp, Pair): # Call expressions
        return calc_apply(calc_eval(exp.first), exp.rest.map(calc_eval))
    elif exp in OPERATORS:      # Names
        return OPERATORS[exp]
    else:                       # Numbers
        return exp
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)
def calc_apply(operator, args):
    """Apply the named operator to a list of args.

    >>> calc_apply('+', as_scheme_list(1, 2, 3))
    6
    >>> calc_apply('-', as_scheme_list(10, 1, 2, 3))
    4
    >>> calc_apply('*', nil)
    1
    >>> calc_apply('*', as_scheme_list(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
    120
    >>> calc_apply('/', as_scheme_list(40, 5))
    8.0
    """
    if not isinstance(operator, str):
        raise TypeError(str(operator) + ' is not a symbol')
    if operator == '+':
        return reduce(add, args, 0)
    [...]
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

SQL 💀

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Select Statements
and Queries

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Select Statements

  • You can experiment with all of this on sql.cs61a.org
  • If we have a pre-existing table (for example, the records table), we can grab values from that table using a FROM clause
  • Using * will select all columns from a table
SELECT [columns] FROM [tables] WHERE [condition] ORDER BY [criteria] LIMIT [number];

Demo:

SELECT * FROM records WHERE title = "Programmer";
SELECT name, salary FROM records WHERE division = "Accounting"
  ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5;
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Worksheet!

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Joins 🔗

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Joins

  • Sometimes, people might store data in multiple tables
  • It's hard to access data from both these tables
  • That's where joins come in!
SELECT * FROM records, meetings; -- can select multiple tables
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Ambiguous Joins

  • Tables might have overlapping column names
  • We need a way to distinguish between these columns
    • Especially if you need to join a table with itself (useful if you want to compare 2 people with each other)
  • Use the as keyword
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Ambiguous Joins

SELECT a.name, a.title FROM records AS a, records AS b
  WHERE a.name = "Louis Reasoner" AND a.supervisor = b.name;
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Aggregation 😡

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Aggregation

  • Aggregation tends to be useful when you have multiple groups, and you want to group by certain pieces of data.
  • You can also combine multiple rows into 1 with aggregation
    • SELECT COUNT(*) FROM RECORDS;
    • SELECT name, MAX(salary) FROM RECORDS;
  • GROUP BY will allow you to perform these aggregation functions on specific groups
    • SELECT division, MIN(salary) FROM records GROUP BY division;
  • WHERE statements for GROUP BYs uses the HAVING clause
    • HAVING filters out entire groups
    • You can have both WHERE and HAVING in the same statement
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Results from last section (links.rouxl.es/disc)

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Mental Health Resources

  • CAPS:
    • If you need to talk to a professional, please call CAPS at 510-642-9494.
  • After Hours Assistance
    • For any assistance after hours, details on what to do can be found at this link
Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)

Anonymous Feedback Form
links.rouxl.es/feedback

Thanks for coming! 🥳

Please give me feedback on what to improve!

Slides by Antonio Kam (anto@)